ZooKeys | 132: 189-2 | 4 (2022) A peer-reviewed open-access journal doi: 10.3897/zookeys.| 132.87364 RESEARCH ARTICLE #Zookey S

https:/ / ZOO keys. pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov., the revalidation of Scorpiops atomatus Qi, Zhu & Lourenco, 2005, and the redescription of Scorpiops tibetanus Hirst, !9I1|

(Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae) from China

Heyu Lv!?, Zhiyong Di!”

| Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China 2 Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China

Corresponding author: Zhiyong Di (zydi@ustc.edu.cn)

Academic editor: Wilson Lourengo | Received 9 June 2022 | Accepted 28 October 2022 | Published 30 November 2022 Attps://zoobank.org/B4388 BBD- BD5 1-40F6-8341-ADA7CF276E4B

Citation: Lv H, Di Z (2022) Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov., the revalidation of Scorpiops atomatus Qi, Zhu & Lourengo, 2005, and the redescription of Scorpiops tibetanus Hirst, 1911 (Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae) from China. ZooKeys 1132: 189-214. https://doi-org/10.3897/zookeys. 1132.87364

Abstract

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. is described from Shigatse, Xizang. Scorpiops atomatus Qi, Zhu & Lourengo, 2005 and Scorpiops pococki Qi, Zhu & Lourenco, 2005 were synonymized by Kovarik et al. (2020) as two junior synonyms of Scorpiops tibetanus Hirst, 1911 but based on several field surveys in Xizang in recent years, and a careful survey of the literature, S. atomatus is reaffirmed as a valid species and S. tibetanus is redescribed, both based on newly collected specimens. ‘This brings the total number of species of Scorpiops recorded in China to 32.

Keywords

China, new species, Scorpiops, Xizang

Introduction

Kovaiik et al. (2020) and Stahlavsky et al. (2020) revised the family Scorpiopidae Kraepelin, 1905 and synonymized the previously accepted genera of the family Scor- piopidae, excepting Parascorpiops Banks, 1928, with the genus Scorpiops Peters, 1861.

Copyright Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

190 Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

Lourencgo and Ythier (2022) reclassified the genera of the family Scorpiopidae, pro- posed. six subgenera of the genus Scorpiops (including Alloscorpiops Vachon, 1980, Dasyscorpiops Vachon, 1974, Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980, Neoscorpiops Vachon, 1980, Plethoscorpiops Lourengo, 2017 and Scorpiops), and maintained Parascorpiops as a dis- tinct genus of Scorpiops.

Scorpiops is the main member of the family Scorpiopidae, distributed mainly in south and southeast Asia, and currently includes 104 species (Lourengo and Ythier 2022; Tang 2022). In China, thirty species are found in Hubei, Xinjiang, Xizang, and Yunnan (Lv and Di 2022; Tang 2022).

Hirst (1911) erected S. tibetanus, based on specimens from “Tsangpo Valley, Chak- sam Ferry”, Xizang. This appears to be the first species of the genus Scorpiops found in China. Kovarik (2000) reported new additions to the distribution range of S. tibetanus: Kambu basti, Lhasa, and Shigatse, and provided outline drawings of the chelae of both sexes. The figures are not accurate, but the remarkable thickness, nearly square, and distinctly rectangular dimorphism of the chelae of both sexes is clear. Kovarik (2000) examined the holotype (male) and collected new materials of S. tibetanus, recording some important new information: the ventral trichobothria on the patella number 7-10 (but usually 9; in one young of 37 specimens, 7 on one side).

Qi et al. (2005) reported one small species, S. atomatus, and two medium species, Scorpiops langxian Qi, Zhu & Lourencgo, 2005 and S. pococki and one large species, Scorpiops luridus Qi, Zhu & Lourengo, 2005. The type locality of S. atomatus is Lang County, and other localities include Chayu and Gyaca counties. The type locality of S. pococki is Gyaca County, and other localities include Chayu and Nédong counties, Lhasa, Nyingchi, and Shigatse cities.

Kovatik and Ahmed (2009) provided a list of taxa of the S. hardwickii (Gervais, 1843) complex, which contains 12 species, widely distributed in Asia, including five species distributed in China: S. atomatus, S. hardwickii, S. langxian, S. pococki, and S. tibetanus. However, following the reports of Kovatik (2000), Kovatik and Ahmed (2009), Qi et al. (2005), and Diet al. (2011) thought that S. atomatus and S. tibetanus should be excluded from S. hardwickii complex. Di et al. (2013) described the female of S. tibetanus and revised the key for Chinese Scorpiops species. Kovatik et al. (2020) proposed S. atomatus and S. pococki as two junior synonyms of S. tibetanus and pro- vided figures of freshly collected S. tibetanus.

In this work, we analyze species information from the literature in tandem with newly collected material, and confirm that S. atomatus is a valid species; additionally, we redescribe S. tibetanus based on new material and describe S. /ourencoi as a new species.

Materials and methods

Specimens were collected by hand and preserved in 75% ethanol. Type series of the new

species are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China (MHBU).

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. and the revalidation of S. atomatus 191

Illustrations and measurements were produced using a Leica M205 stereomi- croscope. The photographs were taken with a Canon 650D camera and a Leica M205FA stereomicroscope (with a digital color microscope camera Leica DFC495). Measurements (in mm) follow Sissom (1990). Trichobothrial notations are done ac- cording to Vachon (1974), and the morphological terminology mostly follows Hjelle (1990). The terminology of metasomal carination is that of Vachon (1952), and the terminology of pedipalp chelal carinae follows Soleglad and Sissom (2001).

Movable finger dentition abbreviations used in the text are as follows: ID, inner denticles; IAD, inner accessory denticles; MD, median denticles; OD, outer denticles.

Taxonomic treatment

Family Scorpiopidae Kraepelin, 1905 Genus Scorpiops Peters, 1861

Type species. Scorpiops hardwickii Gervais, 1843. Type locality. India Himalaya.

Scorpiops atomatus Qi, Zhu & Lourengo, 2005 Figs 1-32, Table 1

Scorpiops atomatus Qi, Zhu & Lourengo, 2005: 6, 10, figs 16-31; Kovatik and Ahmed 2009: 10; Di et al. 2013: 59-61, figs 1-21, tab. 1; Di et al. 2014: 11.

Type locality. China, Xizang, Lang County (29.02°N, 93.08°E).

Material examined. 2 males and 3 females, China, Xizang (Tibet), Linzhi City (Nyingchi City), Lang County (Nang County), Dongga Town (Tonga Town), 06/5/2017, Zhiyong Di leg, (Ar-MHBU-ScXZLX17050601, 01-05).

Diagnosis (modified from Qi et al. 2005). Adult body length 35-45 mm. Base color uniformly brown. Patella of pedipalp with 17 (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et) external and 8-10 (usually nine) ventral trichobothria. Chelal trichobothria Fd, is located in proximal half of manus between trichobothria Dt and Dd. Chela with four ventral trichobothria. Chela with an average length/width ratio of 2.3 in males (7 = 2 adults) and 2.5 in females (7 = 3 adults); pedipalp movable finger with ca. five ID, eight or nine IAD, 58-62 MD, and 7-9 OD present, chela fingers on adult males and females scalloped, usually more strongly in male. Pectinal teeth count 10-11 in males (z = 2 adults) and eight or nine in females (7 = 3 adults), fulcra present. Pectinal with three marginal and six middle lamellae. Telson bulbous and granulate, annular ring absent.

192 Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

2

“ars eel tt) Se

Figures 1-4. Scorpiops atomatus from Lang County I, 2 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060101), dor-

sal and ventral views 3, 4 female (Ar-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060102), dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars: 12.0 mm.

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. and the revalidation of S. atomatus 193

Figures 5-14. Scorpiops atomatus from Lang County 5, 6, 7, II, 12 male (Ar-MHBU-Scx- ZLX1705060101) 8,9, 10, 13, 14 female (Ar-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060102) 5,8 carapace 6, 9 eyes and nearby area 7, 10 chelicera dorsal surface 11, 13 sternum, genital operculum, and pectines 12, | 4 tergites. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

194 Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

Figures 15-24. Scorpiops atomatus from Lang County. 15=19 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060101) 20-24 female (Ar-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060102) 15, 20 telson, lateral surface 16, 21 femur dorsal surface 17-19, 22—24 patella dorsal, external, and ventral surfaces. Green dots showing trichobothrial

patterns of pedipalps. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. and the revalidation of S. atomatus 195

Table |. Measurements (in mm) of S. atomatus, S. tibetanus, and S. lourencoi sp. nov.

Species Contents S. atomatus S. tibetanus S. lourencoi sp. nov. Sex Male ScXZLX Female Male ScXZQS Female Male Female 1705060101 ScXZLX 1907200101 ScXZQS (holotype) (paratype) 1705060102 1907200102 ScXZRKZ ScXZRKZ 2107260101 2107260102 Total length: 42.5 40.3 D739 5237 46.7 47.3 Carapace: — Length 6.6 6.8 Tf 7.3 6.5 6.7 — Anterior width 4.1 4.1 DY 39 3.6 Dee — Posterior width 6.9 To 7.8 7.6 6.7 6.9 Mesosomal segments: — Length 11.6 10.9 14.7 15.0 14.1 14.9 Metasomal segment I: — Length 2.5 24 3.6 3.0 oy 27 — Width 2.5 2.4 4.1 3.6 3.0 2.8 — Depth 2.1 2.0 2.9 2 2.1 2.0 Metasomal segment II: — Length 2.9 2.6 4.3 3.7 ou 3.1 — Width Del 2.1 3.6 3.2 2.7 2.6 — Depth 2.0 2.0 3.4 3.0 2.3 Dal Metasomal segment III: — Length 3.0 2.8 5.0 4A 3.7 3.7 — Width De 2.0 3.6 3.0 2.7 2.6 — Depth 2.2 2.1 3.2 oF 2.3 2.1 Metasomal segment IV: — Length 3.5 33 5:5 Dae 3.9 3.8 — Width 2.0 1.9 Did 2.8 2.4 2.4 — Depth 1.9 1.9 2.9 og 2.2 De Metasomal segment V: — Length 6.0 5.6 8.3 7.4 6.1 9 — Width 2.0 1.9 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 ~ Depth 1.9 L.7 07 2.2 1.8 1.8 Telson: — Length 6.4 a) 8.2 7D 6.5 6.5 — Width 2.4 2.4 3.3 2.8 Darah 2a: — Depth 2.4 2.2 3.1 2.8 2 DD, Pedipalp femur: — Length 5.6 5.6 5.4 4.8 4.9 4.8 — Width 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.3 Did 2.4 — Depth 1.5 1.5 De 2.1 1.9 1.8 Pedipalp patella: — Length ao 7 6.2 5.8 5.2 5.4 — Width 3.2 3.3 2.7 2.6 Dail, DRA — Depth 2.4 Died: 2.6 2.6 25 2.4 Chela: — Length 11.3 11.3 11.5 10.9 9.9 10.4 — Width (manus) 4.9 4.5 5.6 533) 5.3 4.4 — Depth (manus) 3.1 2.9 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.3 Movable finger: — Length 4.3 3.8 4.6 4.4 3.6 3.1

Pectinal teeth 10/11 9/9 7/7 5/4 8/9 7/8

196 Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

‘\s ( i | "

: | - ad , i) Figures 25-32. Scorpiopsatomatus trom Lang County 25 —28, 32 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060101) 29=31 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060102) 25=27, 29=31 chela dorsal, external, and ventral sur- faces 28 dentate margin of movable finger under UV light, showing rows of granules 32 right leg I retrolat- eral surface. Green dots showing trichobothrial patterns of pedipalps. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Description (based on male specimen: Ar.-MHBU-ScXZLX1705060101).

Coloration (Figs 1, 2; after five years of preservation in alcohol): Carapace, red- dish brown. Median and lateral ocular tubercles dark brown. Tergites and metasomal segments dark brown. Vesicle brown, with yellowish brown aculeus. Chelicerae yellow-

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. and the revalidation of S. atomatus 197

brown, with black-brown fingers. Pedipalps dark brown. Legs brown. Tarsal claws yel- lowish brown. Sternum dark reddish brown. Genital operculum and sternites brown. Pectinal teeth yellowish.

Morphology. Prosoma (Figs 5, 6): Entire surface of carapace with fine granules. Anterior median furrow broad and shallow; lateral furrow broad and flat; posterior median furrow deep. Median ocular tubercle high and smooth, with single shallow median furrow, situated anterior to center of carapace. Lateral ocular tubercle with some large granules, three pairs of lateral ocelli, posterior smallest; smooth oval area behind lateral ocular tubercle.

Mesosoma: Tergites densely covered with fine granules; tergites II-VI with me- dian carina; tergite VII with two pairs of lateral carinae (outside lateral carinae degener- ated) with large granules (Fig. 12). Pectinal teeth count 10/11, fulcra present (Fig. 11). Genital operculum subtriangular with genital protruding papillae (Fig. 11). Sternum pentagonal (Fig. 11). Sternite segments III—VI entirely smooth and shiny with few setae; segment VII with four ventral carinae and few setae.

Metasoma: Integument coarse with few setae. Metasoma segments I]—V are longer than wide; segments I—V have 10-8-8-8-7 granular carinae. All dorsal carinae granular on segment I, and gradually become strongly serrated from II-IV; segment V carinae with smaller serration dorsally and larger serration ventrally. Vesicle coarse with few setae (Fig. 15).

Pedipalps: Integument with smooth granules and few setae. Femur with all dor- sointernal, dorsoexternal, external, ventroexternal, ventrointernal carinae granulated, and internal carinae crenulated (Fig. 16). Patella with large granules on dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, ventrointernal, ventroexternal, and external carinae; two spinoid gran- ules present on internal surface (Figs 17-19). Trichobothrial pattern C, neobothriot- axic (Vachon, 1974); patella with 17 external trichobothria (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 ez), 8 (right) and 9 (left) ventral trichobothria (Figs 18, 19). Chela with four ventral trichobothria, all carinae are granular and coalesced except the dorsal secondary, sub- digital, dorsal internal, interomedian, and ventromedian carinae vestigial, movable and fixed fingers with scalloped margins, single pronounced lobe in movable finger, and a corresponding notch in fixed finger (Figs 25-28).

Legs: Integument coarse with few setae, except ventral aspects of coxae, trochant- ers, femurs, and patellae smooth. Trochanter dorsally with few granules. Femur dor- sally densely granular. Patella dorsally densely granular, with dorsoexternal granular carinae. Tibiae without spurs (Fig. 32). Basitarsus with setae, spurs, and two lateral pedal spurs (Fig. 32). Tarsus ventrally with single row of spinules (Fig. 32). Tarsal un- gues curved and hook-like (Fig. 32).

Chelicerae (Fig. 7): Integument smooth, dorsally with an irregular pattern, ven- trally with long hairs. Fixed finger of chelicera with three large triangular teeth on inner margin. Ventral of movable finger with five teeth on inner margin. Dorsal of movable finger with three teeth on inner margin.

Variations. Figures of adult females are provided (Figs 3, 4, 8-10, 13, 14, 20-24, 29-31). Number (left/right) of trichobothria on the ventral surface of the pedipalp

198 Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

patellae: females with 9/9 (7 = 2) and 10/9 (” = 1), males with 8/9 (m = 1) and 8/8 (2 = 1). Number of pectinal teeth: females with 9/9 (m = 2) and 8/8 (” = 1), males with 10/11 (z= 1) and 11/11 (7 = 1). Chela with an average length/width ratio of 2.3 in males (7 = 2) and 2.5 in females (7 = 3), male pedipalp chela fingers more strongly curved than females. All measurements are provided in Table 1. Holotype (male, not examined; Qi et al. 2005): patella with 17 external and nine ventral trichobothria, pec- tinal teeth count 11/11; paratype (female): some of the segments are slightly bulkier than that of the male, pectinal teeth count 9/9.

Distribution. China (Xizang) (Fig. 97).

Remarks. Body size is an important feature in distinguishing between the Scorpiops species. In China, S. atomatus (Xizang), Scorpiops jendeki Kovatik, 2000 (Yunnan), Scorpiops lhasa Di & Zhu, 2009 (Xizang), and Scorpiops taxkorgan Lourengo, 2018 (Xinjiang) are undoubtedly small species. In this work, we tried to separate the small- type species: usually < 50 mm, such as S. atomatus; the medium-sized species, usually 50-70 mm, such as S. pococki and S. langxian; and the larger species, usually > 70 mm, including S. /uridus and S. ingens Yin, Zhang, Pan, Li & Di, 2015.

Diet al. (2011) thought that S. atomatus should be excluded from the S. hardwickii complex previously proposed by Kovarik and Ahmed (2009) due to the following reasons: (i) pectinal teeth count is 9-11 in S. atomatus and 4-8 in S. hardwickii; (ii) ventral trichobothria on patella are nine in S. atomatus and 6-8 in S. hardwickii; (iii) fulcra are present in S. atomatus but absent in S. hardwickii. In addition, S. atomatus has clearly thinner chela than S. pococki and S. langxian.

The most important morphological difference is that the body length of S. tibetanus holotype is 60.4 mm, and Kovatik (2000) recorded S. tibetanus as 50-65 mm; al- though there may be different measurement methods used by different authors, it sug- gested S. tibetanus significantly longer than S. atomatus. Here, we reaffirm the validity of S. atomatus based on newly collected materials.

Scorpiops tibetanus Hirst, 1911 Figs 33-64, Table 1

Scorpiops tibetanus Hirst, 1911: 472-473; Kovatik 2000: 196, figs 47, 68, 69, tab. 1-3; Fet 2000: 495; Kovarik et al. 2020: 126, figs 46, 143, 239-240, 799, tab. 9.

Scorpiops pococki Qi, Zhu & Lourengo, 2005: 14, figs 47-61; Di et al. 2013: 72, 75, figs 64—84, tab. 3; Di et al. 2014: 12.

Type locality. China, Xizang, Tsangpo Valley, Chaksam Ferry.

Material examined. 1 male and 1 female, China, Xizang, Lasa City (Lhasa City), Qushui County (Chushur County), Caina Town (Saena Town), 20/7/2019, Zhi- yong Di leg, (Ar-MHBU-ScXZQS 1907200101, Ar-MHBU-ScXZQS 1907200102); 1 male and 2 females, China, Xizang, Shannan City (Lhoka City), Jiacha County (Gyaca County), Jiacha Town (Gyaca Town), 12/8/2021, Zhiyong Di leg, (Ar-MH- BU-ScXZJC21081206, 01-03).

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. and the revalidation of S. atomatus LOD

Diagnosis. Adult body length 50-57 mm. Base color uniformly reddish black. Pa- tella of pedipalp with 17 (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et) external and 6-8 (usually seven) ventral trichobothria. Chelal trichobothria EO, is located in proximal half of manus between trichobothria Dt and Dé. Chela with four ventral trichobothria. Chela with an average length/width ratio of 2.0 in both sexes, pedipalp movable finger with ca. four or five ID, 10-25 IAD, 45-62 MD, and eight or nine OD present, chela fingers on adult males and females scalloped, usually more strongly in males. Pectinal teeth count 4—7, fulcra absent. Pectinal with two marginal and one middle lamellae. Telson bulbous and granulate, annular ring present.

Description (based on male specimen: Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200101).

Coloration (Figs 33, 34; after three years of preservation in alcohol): Carapace reddish black. Median and lateral ocular tubercles dark brown. Tergites and metasomal segments dark brown. Vesicle dark brown, with dark brown aculeus. Chelicerae un- evenly dark brown and fingers uniformly dark reddish. Pedipalps dark reddish brown. Legs dark brown. Tarsal claws brown. Sternum reddish brown. Genital operculum and sternites brown. Pectinal teeth light brown.

Morphology. Prosoma (Figs 37, 38): Integument coarse, carapace with dense, fine granules; anterior median furrow broad and deep; lateral furrow broad; posterior median furrow broad and deep. Median eyes situated anteriorly compared to center of carapace; three pairs of lateral ocelli with posterior-most the smallest. Median ocular tubercle with granules and median furrow. Lateral ocular tubercle with some coarse granules around lateral eyes.

Mesosoma: Tergites densely covered with fine granules, tergites II—VII with me- dian carina barely visible at first and gradually becomes distinct; tergite VII with two pairs of lateral carinae with large granules present only on posterior half (Fig. 44). Pectinal teeth count 7/7, fulcra absent (Fig. 43). Genital operculum subtriangular with genital papillae protruding (Fig. 43). Sternum pentagonal (Fig. 43). Sternite segments III-VI entirely smooth and shiny with few setae; segment VII with four ventral carinae and few setae.

Metasoma: Integument coarse, segments II-V longer than wide; segments I-V with respectively 10-8-8-8-8 granular carinae; segment V with pair of vestigial lateral carinae; all ventral carinae crenulated, gradually becoming more strongly crenulated. Vesicle with dense granules and few setae (Fig. 47).

Pedipalps: Integument smooth with smooth granules and few setae. Femur with dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, external, ventroexternal, ventrointernal carinae granulated, and internal carinae crenulated (Fig. 48). Patella with large granules on dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, ventrointernal, ventroexternal, and smooth external carinae; two spinoid granules present on internal surface (Figs 49-51). Trichobothrial pattern C, neobothrio- taxic (Vachon, 1974); patella with 17 external trichobothria (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et), 4 (right, dysplastic) and 7 (left) ventral trichobothria (Figs 50, 51). Chela with granules forming the indistinct reticulated pattern, ventral with four trichobothria, all carinae are granular and coalesced except the subdigital, dorsal internal, interomedian, and ven- tromedian carinae vestigial; movable and fixed fingers with scalloped margins, a pro- nounced lobe in movable finger and corresponding notch in fixed finger (Figs 57—60).

200 Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

34

Figures 33-36. Scorpiops tibetanus from Qushui County 33,34 male (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200101), dorsal and ventral views 35, 36 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200102), dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars: 12.0 mm.

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. and the revalidation of S. atomatus 201

Figures 37-46. Scorpiops tibetanus from Qushui County 37, 38, 39, 43, 44 male (Ar-MHBU- ScXZQS1907200101) 40, 41, 42, 45, 46 female (Ar-MHBU-ScXZQS 1907200102) 37, 40 carapace 38, 41 eyes and nearby area 39, 42 chelicera dorsal surface 43, 45 sternum, genital operculum and pec-

tines 44, 46 tergites. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

202 Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

L~

Figures 47-56. Scorpiops tibetanus from Qushui County 47=5 | male (Ar-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200101) 52-56 female (Ar-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200102) 47, 52 telson, lateral surface 48, 53 femur dorsal sur- face 49-5 1, 54-56 patella dorsal, external, and ventral surfaces. Green dots showing trichobothrial pat- terns of pedipalps (the white dots representing dysplasia caused trichobothrial absence). Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. and the revalidation of S. atomatus 203

Figures 57-64. Scorpiops tibetanus from Qushui County and Jiacha County 57-59, 64 male (Ar.-MH- BU-ScXZQS1907200101) 61-63 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZQS1907200102) 60 male (Ar-MHBU- ScXZJC2108120601, from Jiacha County) 57-59, 61-63 dorsal, external, and ventral surfaces of chela 60 dentate margin of movable finger under UV light, showing rows of granules 64 right leg I retrolateral

surface. Green dots showing trichobothrial patterns of pedipalps. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Legs: Integument coarse with few setae. Trochanter dorsal surface with few gran- ules. Femur dorsal surface densely granular. Patella dorsal surface densely granular, with dorsoexternal and dorsal granular carinae. Tibiae without spurs (Fig. 64). Basitar- sus with more setae, spurs, and two lateral pedal spurs (Fig. 64). Tarsus ventrally with single row of spinules (Fig. 64). Tarsal ungues curved and hook-like (Fig. 64).

Chelicerae (Fig. 39): Dorsally with irregular pattern, ventrally with long hairs. Fixed finger of chelicera with three large triangular teeth on inner margin; ventral of

204 Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

movable finger with five teeth on inner margin, dorsal of movable finger with four teeth on inner margin.

Variation. Figures of adult females are provided (Figs 35, 36, 40-42, 45, 46, 52— 56, 61-63). Number (left/right) of trichobothria on the ventral surface of the pedipalp patellae: females with 8/8 (7 = 1), 7/7 (m = 1), and 6/6 (7 = 1), males with ?/7 (7 = 1) and 7/7 (m = 1). Number of pectinal teeth: females with 5/4 (m7 = 2) and 6/5 (v = 1), males with 7/7 (7 = 2). Chela with an average length/width ratio of 2.0 in males (7 = 2) and 2.0 in females (7 = 3), male pedipalp chela fingers stronger curved than females. The measurements are provided in Table 1. Holotype (male, not examined; Kovarik, 2000): body length 60.4 mm, patella with eight ventral trichobothria, pectinal teeth count seven or eight. Holotype (male) of S. pococki (= S. tibetanus): patella with 17 external and eight ventral trichobothria, pectinal teeth count 8/7; paratype (female) of S. pococki (= S. tibetanus): pectinal teeth count 6/6, telson is smaller than that of male in Qi et al. (2005).

Distribution. China (Xizang) (Fig. 97).

Remarks. Hirst (1911) erected S. tibetanus based on a male specimen from “Tsangpo Valley, Chaksam Ferry”, for which the species information is brief, and no figures provided.

The type locality is therefore the most crucial information on the species. Followed the Internet and literature information for “Chaksam Ferry”: “Chaksam” means “iron bridge”, located in Dagar village and under the Quwori Mountain, Qushui County. It was created by the famous bridge designer, Tangdongjiebu, and is the first cable bridge across the Brahmaputra River, completed in 1420 or 1430. “Chaksam Ferry” subsequently became a famous place, also called “Qushui Ferry” or “Daga Ferry” in ancient times (Fig. 97). However, with the disappearance of the “iron bridge” and the construction of Qushui Bridge (Qushuidagiao) near where the ancient “iron bridge” used to be in 1966, “Chaksam Ferry” has now been replaced by Qushui Bridge and is the probable type locality of S. tibetanus.

In recent years, we found S. atomatus distributed near the “iron bridge”, and found S. pococki 28 km away from this “iron bridge” (Fig. 97).

The list of taxa included in the S. hardwickii “complex” proposed by Kovarik and Ahmed (2009) included S. tibetanus. Kovatik (2000) examined the holotype (male) of S. tibetanus and recorded some important information: “length 60.4 mm, ventral trichobothria on the patella number 8, and pectinal teeth number 7 or 8”. Kovartk (2000) concluded that the characters of S. tibetanus were “length 50-65 mm, ventral trichobothria on the patella number 7—10 (usually 9, in one young of 37 specimens, 7 on one side), pectinal teeth number 5-11”. In his revision, the new localities of S. tibetanus included Lhasa, Shigatse, and Kambu batsi. Kovarik et al. (2020) proposed S. pococki as a junior synonym of S. tibetanus and provided figures of S. tibetanus (one male identified as “S. pococki” and donated by Di).

During several surveys in Shigatse and the surrounding counties, we found S. lourencoi sp. nov. and S. luridus. The body length of S. lourencoi sp. nov. is no more than 50 mm, while S. uridus is a distinctive species. Scorpiops pococki (from Chaksam

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. and the revalidation of S. atomatus 205

Ferry 28 km away) has the diagnosis as followed: fulcra absent, body length ~ 55 mm, the ventral trichobothria on the patella number seven or eight, and the pectinal teeth number 4—7. Scorpiops pococki fits the characteristics of S. tibetanus, and we agree that S. pococki is a synonym of S. tibetanus.

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/92D2 1DC0-794E-4D76-B2F8-28AB9D88520B Figs 65-96, Table 1

Scorpiops tibetanus Di et al., 2013: 75, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, figs 102-118, tab. 2.

Type material. Male holotype, China, Xizang, Rikaze City (Shigatse City), 26/7/2021, Zhiyong Di leg, (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260101); 3 male and 3 female paratypes (Ar-MHBU-ScXZRKZ21072601, 02-06; Ar-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107270501), same location data as holotype.

Diagnosis. Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. differs from all other species in the ge- nus based on the following combination of characters: reddish black color, length 45-50 mm; patella of pedipalp with 17 (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et) external and eight or nine (usually nine) ventral trichobothria. Chelal trichobothria Ed, located in proximal half of manus between trichobothria Dt and Dé, chela with four ventral trichobothria; chela with an average length/width ratio of 1.9 in males (7 = 4 adults) and 2.4 in females (z = 3 adults); pedipalp movable finger with ca. four or five ID, 10-14 IAD, 44-45 MD, and seven or eight OD present; pedipalp chelal fingers on adult males and females scalloped, usually more strongly in male. Pectinal teeth count 8—11 (usually 10) in four males and seven or eight (usually seven) in three females, fulcra present; pectinal with three marginal and five or six middle lamellae. Telson bulbous and granulate, annular ring present.

Etymology. Patronym in honor of Prof. Wilson R. Lourengo, who significantly contributed to scorpion research.

Description (based on holotype: Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260101).

Coloration (Figs 65, 66; after one year of preservation in alcohol): Carapace, dark red-brown. Median and lateral ocular tubercles dark brown. Tergites and metasomal segments dark red-brown to dark brown. Vesicle dark brown, with brown aculeus. Chelicerae dark brown; with the fingers dark brown and gradually lighter toward the tip. Pedipalps dark red-brown. Legs dark brown. Tarsal claws yellowish brown. Ster- num, genital operculum, and sternites yellowish brown. Pectinal teeth yellowish.

Morphology. Prosoma (Figs 69, 70): Carapace with dense, coarse granules; shal- low anterior median furrow; broad and flat lateral furrow; posterior median furrow broad and deep. Median ocular tubercle high and coarse, with a shallow median fur- row, median eyes situated anteriorly compared to center of carapace; three pairs of lateral ocelli, posterior smallest, some large granules near lateral ocelli, and presence of smooth oval area behind the lateral ocular tubercle.

206 Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

Mesosoma: \ntegument coarse. Tergites sparsely covered with large coarse gran- ules, posterior part of tergites with larger granules; tergites [1—VI with a median ca- rina; tergite VII with two pairs of lateral carinae (outside lateral carinae degenerated) (Fig. 76). Sternum quinquangular with few setae (Fig. 75). Genital operculum sub- triangular with genital papillae protruding (Fig. 75). Pectinal teeth count 8/9, fulcra present (Fig. 75). Sternites, segments HI—VI are smooth and shiny with few setae, seg- ment VII with four smooth carinae of big granules and few setae.

Metasoma: Integument coarse with few setae. Segments II—V longer than wide; segments I—V with respectively 10-8-8-8-7 granular carinae, segments II—IV all dorsal carinae gradually become strongly serrated; segment V carinae with smaller granules dorsally and larger serration ventrally. Vesicle with few setae and granules (Fig. 79).

Pedipalps: Integument with smooth granules and few setae, especially the granules are larger on dorsal and external surfaces of chelae. Femur with external, dorsointernal, dorsoexternal, ventrointernal, ventroexternalcarinae granulated, and internal carinae crenulated (Fig. 80). Patella with dorsointernal, ventrointernal, ventroexternal, and external carinae with smooth granules; two spinoid granules present on the internal aspect, the ventral internal spinoid granule being much larger than the dorsointernal one (Figs 81-83). Trichobothrial pattern C, neobothriotaxic (Vachon, 1974); patella with 17 external trichobothria (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et), 9 (right) and 9 (left) ventral trichobothria (Figs 82, 83). Chela very thick, with four ventral trichobothria, all cari- nae are granular and coalesced except the dorsal secondary, subdigital, dorsal internal, interomedian, and ventromedian carinae vestigial; fingers scalloped, with a pronounced lobe in the movable finger and a corresponding notch in the fixed finger (Figs 89-92).

Legs: Integument coarse with few setae except ventral aspects of coxae, trochanters, femurs, and patellae smooth. Trochanter dorsal with few granules and few setae. Femur dorsal with few granules. Patella internally with a dentate carina. Tibiae without spurs (Fig. 96). Basitarsus with spurs and two lateral pedal spurs (Fig. 96). Tarsus ventrally with a row of spinules (Fig. 96). Tarsal ungues curved and hook-like (Fig. 96).

Chelicerae (Fig. 71): Integument smooth and shiny, dorsal with irregular pattern, ventrally with long hairs. Fixed finger of chelicera with three large triangular teeth on inner margin; ventral of movable finger with six teeth on inner margin, dorsal of mov- able finger with four teeth on inner margin.

Variation. Feature figures of adult females are provided (Figs 67, 68, 72—74, 77, 78, 84-88, 93-95). Number (left/right) of trichobothria on the ventral surface of the pedi- palp patellae: females with 9/9 (7 = 2) and 8/9 (m= 1), males with 9/9 (7 = 4). Number of pectinal teeth: females with 7/7 (7 = 2) and 7/8 (7 = 1), males with 8/9 (7 = 1), 10/10 (m = 2), and 10/11 (z = 1). Chela with an average length/width ratio of 1.9 in males (1 = 4) and 2.4 in females (7 = 3), male pedipalp chela fingers stronger curved than females, lobe and corresponding notch reduced in females. Measurements provided in Table 1. One female specimen (mistakenly identified as S. tibetanus in Di et al. (2013); not examined): body length 45.2 mm, patella with nine ventral trichobothria, pectinal teeth count 7/7.

Habitat. Found under stones in dry mountain boscage in Shigatse City, ~ 3889 m elevation.

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. and the revalidation of S. atomatus 207

Distribution. Rikaze City, Xizang, China (Fig. 97). Remarks. Scorpiops atomatus is similar to the new species, but can be readily distin- guished based on the following combination of characters: (i) the pectinal teeth count

}

er” “ig

a

on Te. tl over

Figures 65-68. Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. from Rikaze City 65, 66 male (Ar-MHBU-ScXZ- RKZ2107260101), dorsal and ventral views 67, 68 female (Ar.--MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260102), dorsal

and ventral views. Scale bars: 12.0 mm.

208 Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

Figures 69-78. Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. from Rikaze City 69, 70, 71, 75, 76 male (Ar-MHBU- ScXZRKZ2107260101) 72, 73, 74, 77, 78 female (Ar.-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260102) 69, 77 carapace 70, 73 eyes and nearby area 71, 74 chelicera dorsal surface 75, 77 sternum, genital operculum, and pec-

tines 76, 78 tergites. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. and the revalidation of S. atomatus 209

Figures 79-88. Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. from Rikaze City 79-83 male (Ar-MHBU-ScXZ- RKZ2107260101) 84—88 female (Ar-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260102) 79, 84 telson, lateral surface 80, 85 femur dorsal surface 81-83, 86-88 patella dorsal, external, and ventral surfaces. Green dots

showing trichobothrial patterns of pedipalps. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

210 Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

92

Figures 89-96. Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. from Rikaze City 89-92, 96 male (Ar-MHBU-ScXZ- RKZ2107260101) 93=95 female (Ar-MHBU-ScXZRKZ2107260102) 89-91, 93=95 chela dorsal, ex- ternal, and ventral surfaces 92 dentate margin of movable finger under UV light, showing rows of granules 96 right leg I retrolateral surface. Green dots showing trichobothrial patterns of pedipalps. Scale bars: 2.0 mm.

8—11 (with 10-11 (usually 11) in males and eight or nine (usually nine) in females) in S. atomatus, while there are 7-11 (with 8-11 (usually 10) in males and seven or eight (usually seven) in females) in S. lourencoi sp. nov. (ii) length of adults 40-45 mm in S. atomatus, while the length of adults 45-50 mm in S. lourencoi sp. nov. (iii) chela with an average length/width ratio of 2.3 in males (7 = 2 adults) and 2.5 in females (n = 3 adults) in S. atomatus, while 1.9 in males (n= 4 adults) and 2.4 in females (7 = 3 adults) in S. lourencoi sp. nov. (iv) chela surface with small granules in S. atomatus, while large granules in S. lourencoi sp. nov.

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. and the revalidation of S. atomatus 214

89°E 90°E 91°E 92°E 93°E 31°N —

@ Type locality of S. atomatus

@ Type locality of S. pococki 4 S. atomatus

¥%& Qushui Bridge

WS. tibetanus

AS. lourencoi sp. nov.

27°N

Kilometers

Figure 97. Distribution of S. atomatus (circle and diamond), S. tibetanus (pentagon and square), S. lourencoi sp. nov. (triangle), and the location of Qushui Bridge and Chaksam Ferry (star) in Xizang, China.

Discussion

Kovarik (2000), Kovarik and Ahmed (2009), and Kovarik et al. (2020) examined the type specimen of S. tibetanus, however, they provided confusing information that led to S. pococki and S. atomatus being considered synonyms of S. tibetanus. Influenced by this, Qi et al. (2005) incorrectly erected S. pococki. The precise information on Chaksam and Chaksam Ferry was not easily available in 2005, and the revision of the family Scorpiopi- dae by Kovarik (2000) was undoubtedly the most important basis for Qi et al. (2005). Di et al. (2011, 2013, 2014), Di and Qiao (2020), Li et al. (2016), and Yin et al. (2015) also relied on Kovaiik’s (2000) information when reviewing the Scorpiops species from China. This led to mistakes in the keys related to Scorpiops from China by Diet al. (2011, 2013, 2014), Di and Qiao (2020), Li et al. (2016), and Yin et al. (2015). Those keys of Scorpi-

ops species from China should be corrected and the new revised key is presented below.

212

Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

Updated key to Chinese species of the genus Scorpiops with chelal trichobo- thria Eb, located in the proximal half of the manus between trichobothria Dt and Db (modified from Di and Qiao 2020)

1

Nw |

nN |

ON

Pedipalp chela fingers with non-scalloped (nearly straight) margins in both

SEXES sar arin cents thee size atone ipa’ are ta tnnste thetewsise stcnnic pt osteent schraah oe ace oct ease estng eens snenlty’ 2 Pedipalp chela fingers with scalloped margins in male adults... eee 4 CGhelatleneth=to- width TatiG S-F2) A, on. cesetonceseerien tuesnas ach'sionakedeestchunedteleinente 3 Chelailength=to-width ratio. <2Fi0"..o.secsrotsarecssasestpevoors aeveessvevedtrs S. jendeki Total length 40.0-58.0 mm, chela length-to-width ratio ~ 3.3-3.5 wwe se Mba oa chs hero th tases Ate ack Males oe: AMR els, Asal ee S. leptochirus Total length 35.2 mm (male holotype), chela length-to-width ratio ~ 3.2..... See dusen seater tacee eeeeea neds cant rosa teus an aeessherGherk aerean tise de Gaon tans S. taxkorgan Manus length-to-width ratio visibly > Lo... eee eeeeeeeeseeseeeseeseeseeeeeeseeneeees 5 Manusavith: similar lenethvand width y.5...961 due ftea aan enes ery eet 12 wboralllen’e ches Gil Osman visually... cevccrnavcceserceeensercqceoureasultdeevenecdesttaesencieds, 6 dotal tenothy=-6 WO tits Usa llye a. csex,.vaderetnusereneatoxenscenbss tens spenpenadberns teeat 8 Red brown, ventral patella of pedipalps with 7 (rarely 6 or 8) trichobothria.. ie slate Rat aiesrut et ae den dive Mi etee bn on var sda den csvvlnpentavete tensile dustin aceuseg hte S. petersti Ihichiter thanered:DLOWIL.rte rue lect tee eee ot onto tneateae: 7 Ventral patella of pedipalps with 7 or 8 trichobothria, pectinal teeth count 7 Animales ANOS [EMAC sc het wantew eater mntoenc Hoses se tants Protsucr poise dyhurvedtoneniees S. songi

Ventral patella of pedipalps with 9 trichobothria, pectinal teeth count 9/10 in male: holotyperand Sain femaleparatype:t...0.-.s-.csajeeresde-tarssleersteents S. luridus Dorsally flat manus of pedipalps and chela of both sexes, with length/width ratio: 2.1—2.2 (~ 2.1 in males and 2.2 in females), total length 40.0-50.0 mm

BACALL Ss ree feat cette tsa tac ead apie tt Ae alate ear Seen te sn S. margerisonae Dorsally round manus of pedipalps or at least the chela of one sex, with length-to-width ratio > 2.2 or total length > 50.0 mm. eee eeeees 9 Bodydlencth. 2 45. Osi ri—Ol Orise.a seas wegees ab ee ea ches tite Wee eta ened 10 Bochyabenical?: SA Oh OS sctsiencenn trent nee toabeneedinhsineds sovnevadetheelemmedimpahdlgamndiayes 11 Patella of pedipalp with 17 (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 4 est, 4 et) external trichobo- Na eT ae ce od en PR PE seals rot A= oi APA De Mr S. lourencoi sp. nov. Patella of pedipalp with 18-20 (5 eb, 2 esb, 2 em, 5 est, 4—6 et) external tricho- DOTA leven cswor conse vcorsuastinesr weceumecncces eve mneste exeteevtncevebunevievecs S. wrzecionkoti Chela of pedipalp length-to-width ratio ~ 2.6-3.0 oie eeeseeeeee S. lhasa Chela of pedipalp length-to-width ratio < 2.5 vce eee S. atomatus Yellow-brown color, length of adults > 70.0 mm... eeeeeees S. ingens Red-brown to red-black color, length of adults < 65.0 mm..... S. hardwickii

complex (S. hardwickii, S. jingshanensis, S. langxian, S. tibetanus)

Scorpiops lourencoi sp. nov. and the revalidation of S. atomatus 215

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by grants from the National Natural Sciences Founda- tion of China (31970403 and 31601871), the Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foun- dation (C2019201273), and the Advanced Talents Incubation Program of the Hebei University (801260201276) to Zhiyong Di. We thank the editors for all the editorial

work and anonymous reviewers for their comments.

References

Di ZY, He YW, Cao ZJ, Wu YL, Li WX (2011) The first record of the family Euscorpiidae (Arachnida: Scorpiones) from Central China, with a key of Chinese species of the genus Scorpiops. Euscorpius 118(118): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.201 1.vol2011. iss118.1

Di ZY, Qiao S (2020) Scorpiops songi sp. n. and key to species of Scorpiops from China (Scorpi- ones: Scorpiopidae). Arthropoda Selecta 29(3): 316-324. https://doi.org/10.15298/arth- sél:2933.03

Di ZY, Xu XB, Cao ZJ, Wu YL, Li WX (2013) Notes on the scorpions (Arachnida, Scorpi- ones) from Tibet with the redescription of Scorpiops jendeki Kovatik, 2000 (Scorpiones, Euscorpiidae) from Yunnan (China). ZooKeys 301: 51-99. https://doi.org/10.3897/zook- eys.301.4608

Di ZY, Yang ZZ, Yin SJ, Cao ZJ, Li WX (2014) History of study, updated checklist, distribu- tion and key of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) from China. Zoological Research 35(1): 3-19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5042949/pdf/ZoolRes-35-1-3.pdf

Hjelle JT (1990) Anatomy and morphology. In: Polis GA (Ed.) The Biology of Scorpions. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 9-63.

Hirst S (1911) Descriptions of new scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8(8): 462-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022293 1108693056

Kovarik F (2000) Revision of family Scorpiopidae (Scorpiones), with descriptions of six new species. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 64: 153-201.

Kovatik EK Ahmed Z (2009) Three new species of Scorpiops Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Euscorpi- idae: Scorpiopinae) from Pakistan. Euscorpius 88(88): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.18590/ euscorpius.2009.vol2009.iss88. 1

Kovatik EF Lowe G, Stockmann M, Stahlavsky F (2020) Revision of genus-group taxa in the family Scorpiopidae Kraepelin, 1905, with description of 15 new species (Arachnida: Scor- piones). Euscorpius 325: 1-140. https://mds.marshall.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=13 568&context=euscorpius

Li WX, Wu YL, Cao ZJ, Di ZY (2016) Scorpion Biology and Toxins. Science Press, Beijing, China, 235-239.

Die Heyu Lv & Zhiyong Di / ZooKeys 1132: 189-214 (2022)

Lourenco WR, Ythier E (2022) A new species of the genus Scorpiops Peters, 1861, subgenus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980 from Laos (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae). Faunitaxys 10(27): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.57800/faunitaxys-10(27)

Ly HY, Di ZY (2022) The first record of Scorpiops bhutanensis Tikader & Bastawade, 1983 from China, with the first report of its female (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae). Euscorpius 358: 1-8. https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2022/iss358/1

Qi JX, Zhu MS, Lourenco WR (2005) Eight new species of the genera Scorpiops Peters, Euscor- piops Vachon, and Chaerilus Simon (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae, Chaerilidae) from Tibet and Yunnan, China. Euscorpius 32(32): 1-40. https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2005. vol2005.iss32.1

Sissom WD (1990) Systematics, biogeography and paleontology. In: Polis GA (Ed.) The Biol- ogy of Scorpions. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 64-160.

Soleglad ME, Sissom WD (2001) Phylogeny of the family Euscorpiidae Laurie, 1869 (Scorpi- ones): a major revision. In: Fet V, Selden PA (Eds) Scorpions 2001. In Memoriam Gary A. Polis. British Arachnological Society, 25-111.

Stahlavsky F, Kovaiik F, Stockmann M, Opatova V (2020) Karyotype evolution and prelimi- nary molecular assessment of genera in the family Scorpiopidae (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Zoology 144(2021): 125882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2020.125882

Tang V (2022) Reanalysis of the Yunnan population of Scorpiops kubani with a description of a new species, Scorpiops lowei sp. n. (Scorpiones: Scorpiopidae). Euscorpius 361: 1-22. https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2022/iss361/1

Vachon M (1952) Etudes sur les Scorpions. Publications de l'Institut Pasteur d’Algérie. Algers, Algérie, 482 pp.

Vachon M (1974) Etude des caractéres utilisés pour classer les familles et les genres de Scorpions (Arachnides). 1. La trichobothriotaxie en arachnologie. Sigles trichobothriaux et types de trichobothriotaxie chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 3 sér., 140: 857-958.

Yin SJ, Zhang YF, Pan ZH, Li SB, Di ZY (2015) Scorpiops ingens sp. n. and an updated key to the Scorpiops from China (Scorpiones, Euscorpiidae, Scorpiopinae). ZooKeys 495: 53-61. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.495.9085